{"id":2182,"date":"2020-03-08T14:19:15","date_gmt":"2020-03-08T14:19:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/"},"modified":"2021-03-02T16:50:08","modified_gmt":"2021-03-02T16:50:08","slug":"objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/","title":{"rendered":"Objectif 8 : r\u00e9duction de la pollution"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row full_width=\u00a0\u00bbstretch_row\u00a0\u00bb full_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb css_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb bg_type=\u00a0\u00bbbg_color\u00a0\u00bb bg_color_value=\u00a0\u00bbrgba(214,122,54,0.1)\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605632155686{margin-bottom: 37px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb711&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bbfull\u00a0\u00bb el_class=\u00a0\u00bbtargetimage\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime;][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605696955854{margin-top: 3px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 12px !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h1>Objectif 8 : r\u00e9duction de la pollution<\/h1>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime;][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1613668682941{margin-top: 3px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 18px !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h3>D\u2019ici \u00e0 2020, la pollution, notamment celle caus\u00e9e par l\u2019exc\u00e8s d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments nutritifs, est ramen\u00e9e \u00e0 un niveau qui n\u2019a pas d\u2019effet n\u00e9faste sur les fonctions des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et la diversit\u00e9 biologique.<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605627452898{margin-bottom: 24px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_col-md-offset-0 vc_col-sm-offset-2&Prime;][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1613668708692{border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 24px !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Messages principaux<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c0 cause de leur forte d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 la nature, les peuples autochtones et les communaut\u00e9s locales sont particuli\u00e8rement vuln\u00e9rables aux effets de la pollution et continuent de souffrir de fa\u00e7on disproportionn\u00e9e de ses effets.<\/li>\n<li>Les peuples autochtones et les communaut\u00e9s locales disposent de syst\u00e8mes et pratiques li\u00e9s \u00e0 leurs connaissances, de croyances et de lois coutumi\u00e8res en harmonie avec la protection de la nature et la pr\u00e9vention de la pollution ; leurs communaut\u00e9s surveillent et r\u00e9duisent la pollution sur le terrain et limitent l&rsquo;utilisation de produits chimiques.<\/li>\n<li>Leurs liens avec des campagnes internationales et le soutien externe apport\u00e9 \u00e0 des plaintes et proc\u00e9dures en justice concernant des cas de pollution ont donn\u00e9 les moyens \u00e0 certains peuples autochtones et communaut\u00e9s locales de lutter contre la pollution.<\/li>\n<li>N\u00e9anmoins, le plein potentiel de contributions des peuples autochtones et communaut\u00e9s locales reste en grande partie non r\u00e9alis\u00e9, et exige un soutien plus important de la part des gouvernements, notamment au moyen de la consolidation des lois et r\u00e8glements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1613668721654{border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 24px !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Signification de l&rsquo;objectif 8 pour les peuples autochtones et les communaut\u00e9s locales<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]La pollution est aujourd&rsquo;hui dans le monde la plus grande cause environnementale de maladies et de d\u00e9c\u00e8s. On estime qu&rsquo;elle est responsable de neuf millions de d\u00e9c\u00e8s pr\u00e9matur\u00e9s chaque ann\u00e9e. Les peuples autochtones et les communaut\u00e9s locales sont hautement vuln\u00e9rables aux effets de la pollution, au vu de leurs liens \u00e9troits avec l&rsquo;environnement local, de leur pauvret\u00e9 relative et de leur pass\u00e9 fait de d\u00e9placements et de discriminations \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque coloniale. Ils continuent \u00e9galement de souffrir de fa\u00e7on disproportionn\u00e9e des effets de la pollution, et ne jouissent souvent pas du pouvoir n\u00e9cessaire pour emp\u00eacher des activit\u00e9s externes de polluer leurs terres et cours d&rsquo;eau.<span id='easy-footnote-1-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-2182' title='Fern\u00e1ndez-Llamazares, \u00c1., Garteizgogeascoa, M., Basu, N., Brondizio, E.S., Cabeza, M., Mart\u00ednez-Alier, J., McElwee, P. et Reyes-Garc\u00eda, V. (2020) \u00ab A state-of-the-art review of indigenous peoples and environmental pollution \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management&lt;\/em&gt;. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ieam.4239&quot;&gt;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ieam.4239&lt;\/a&gt;.&lt;br \/&gt;\n&amp;#8212;&lt;br \/&gt;\nGlobal Alliance on Health and Pollution (2017) &lt;em&gt;The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health&lt;\/em&gt;. Londres : The Lancet. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/commissions\/pollution-and-health&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/commissions\/pollution-and-health&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;br \/&gt;\n&amp;#8212;&lt;br \/&gt;\nJim\u00e9nez, A., Cortobius, M. et Kjell\u00e9n, M. (2014) \u00ab Water, sanitation and hygiene and indigenous peoples: a review of the literature \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Water International&lt;\/em&gt;39(3), pp. 277\u2013293.'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Les cas av\u00e9r\u00e9s d&rsquo;effets de la pollution sur les peuples autochtones et les communaut\u00e9s locales incluent des cas relatifs \u00e0 des polluants organiques persistants, aux composants organochlor\u00e9s comme les PCB, \u00e0 l&rsquo;exposition au plomb et au mercure.<span id='easy-footnote-2-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-2182' title='Dallaire, F., Dewailly, \u00c9., Muckle, G., et Ayotte, P. (2003) \u00ab Time trends of persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals in umbilical cord blood of Inuit infants born in Nunavik (Qu\u00e9bec, Canada) between 1994 and 2001 \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Environmental Health Perspectives&lt;\/em&gt; 111(13), pp. 1660-1664.&lt;br \/&gt;\n&amp;#8212;&lt;br \/&gt;\nArctic Monitoring &amp;amp; Assessment Programme (2015) &lt;em&gt;AMAP Assessment 2015: Human health in the Arctic&lt;\/em&gt;. Oslo : Arctic Monitoring &amp;amp; Assessment Programme. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.amap.no\/documents\/doc\/amap-assessment-2015-human-health-in-the-arctic\/1346&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.amap.no\/documents\/doc\/amap-assessment-2015-human-health-in-the-arctic\/1346&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;br \/&gt;\n&amp;#8212;&lt;br \/&gt;\nAnticona, C., San Sebastian, M. (2014) \u00ab Anemia and malnutrition in indigenous children and adolescents of the Peruvian Amazon in a context of lead exposure: A cross-sectional study \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Global Health Action&lt;\/em&gt; 7.&lt;br \/&gt;\n&amp;#8212;&lt;br \/&gt;\nWheatley, B., Wheatley, M. A. (2000) \u00ab Methylmercury and the health of indigenous peoples: A risk management challenge for physical and social sciences and for public health policy \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Science of the Total Environment&lt;\/em&gt; 259(1-3), pp. 23-29.&lt;br \/&gt;\n&amp;#8212;&lt;br \/&gt;\nGracey, M. et King, M. (2009) \u00ab Indigenous health Part 1: Determinants and disease patterns \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;The Lancet&lt;\/em&gt;374(9683), pp. 65-75.'><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span> De plus en plus d&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9ments montrent que la sant\u00e9 procr\u00e9ative des femmes est particuli\u00e8rement affect\u00e9e par l&rsquo;exposition aux toxines environnementales;<span id='easy-footnote-3-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-2182' title='Godduhn, A. et Duffy, L. K. (2003) \u00ab Multi-generation health risks of persistent organic pollution in the far north: Use of the precautionary approach in the Stockholm Convention \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Environmental Science &amp;amp; Policy&lt;\/em&gt; 6(4), pp. 341-353.&lt;br \/&gt;\n&amp;#8212;&lt;br \/&gt;\nLewis, J., Hoover, J., et MacKenzie. D. (2017) \u00ab Mining and environmental health disparities in Native American communities \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Current Environmental Health Reports&lt;\/em&gt; 4, pp. 130-141.'><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span> et des recherches ont \u00e9galement montr\u00e9 que les femmes navajo aux \u00c9tats-Unis expos\u00e9es \u00e0 une contamination \u00e0 l&rsquo;uranium peuvent transmettre l&rsquo;exposition \u00e0 leur foetus.<span id='easy-footnote-4-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-2182' title='Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2015) &lt;em&gt;Navajo birth cohort study&lt;\/em&gt;. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/navajo_birth_cohort_study\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/sites\/navajo_birth_cohort_study\/&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Les femmes autochtones en Alaska pr\u00e9sentent des niveaux comparativement \u00e9lev\u00e9s de polluants organiques persistants dans leur lait maternel, \u00e0 des taux consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme dangereux.<span id='easy-footnote-5-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-2182' title='Carmen, A. et Waghiyi, V. (2012) \u00ab Indigenous women and environmental violence: A rights-based approach addressing impacts of environmental contamination on indigenous women, girls and future generations \u00bb. Rapport \u00e0 la r\u00e9union du Groupe d&amp;rsquo;experts de l&amp;rsquo;Instance permanente des Nations Unies sur les questions autochtones \u00ab Combatting Violence Against Indigenous Women and Girls. \u00bb Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/socdev\/unpfii\/documents\/EGM12_carmen_waghiyi.pdf&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/socdev\/unpfii\/documents\/EGM12_carmen_waghiyi.pdf&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>La contamination des terres et territoires traditionnels peut avoir des effets majeurs sur le tissu social, \u00e9conomique, politique et culturel des peuples autochtones et des communaut\u00e9s locales. Par exemple, la pollution peut susciter la crainte de consommer des aliments sauvages traditionnels et favoriser une d\u00e9pendance accrue \u00e0 des aliments du commerce pauvres en nutriments et co\u00fbteux, ce qui accro\u00eet le risque de malnutrition et de maladies chroniques. De m\u00eame, des craintes concernant la contamination de l&rsquo;environnement peuvent engendrer une diminution de l&rsquo;utilisation des rem\u00e8des traditionnels, comme cela a \u00e9t\u00e9 attest\u00e9 chez les Mohawk en Am\u00e9rique du Nord,<span id='easy-footnote-6-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-2182' title='Turner, N.J. et Turner, K. L. (2008) \u00ab \u2018Where our women used to get the food&amp;rsquo;: cumulative effects and loss of ethnobotanical knowledge and practice; case study from coastal British Columbia \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Botany&lt;\/em&gt;86(2).&lt;br \/&gt;\n&amp;#8212;&lt;br \/&gt;\nHoward, B. V., Lee, E. T., et al. (1999) \u00ab Rising tide of cardiovascular disease in American Indians. The Strong Heart Study \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Circulation&lt;\/em&gt;99(18).&lt;br \/&gt;\n&amp;#8212;&lt;br \/&gt;\nArquette, M., Cole, M., Cook, K., LaFrance, B., Peters, M., Ransom, J., Sargent, E., Smoke, V. et Stairs, A. (2002) \u00ab Holistic risk-based environmental decision making: A native perspective \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Environmental Health Perspectives&lt;\/em&gt; 110(2).'><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span> entra\u00eenant une d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration de leurs \u00e9tats de sant\u00e9. Il est donc naturel que les peuples autochtones et les communaut\u00e9s locales s&rsquo;inqui\u00e8tent vivement des niveaux de pollution.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605630600590{margin-bottom: 24px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb1507&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bbfull\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1613671002663{margin-bottom: -1px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;border-right-width: 1px !important;border-bottom-width: 1px !important;border-left-width: 1px !important;border-left-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-left-style: solid !important;border-right-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-bottom-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-bottom-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_row_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603713535343{margin-bottom: 0px !important;margin-left: 0px !important;border-left-width: 1px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;padding-left: 12px !important;border-left-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-left-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603713477954{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb479&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb9&#215;9&Prime; css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605632017576{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 0px !important;margin-left: -32px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb el_class=\u00a0\u00bbzeromargin\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603725966103{margin-top: -50px !important;margin-left: 24px !important;padding-right: 39px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h6>La pollution des cours d&rsquo;eau a des effets \u00e9galement sur la diversit\u00e9 biologique locale, comme la loutre g\u00e9ante, qui ne vit d\u00e9sormais plus qu&rsquo;au Guyana. Photo : Elizaveta Kirina.<\/h6>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605627452898{margin-bottom: 24px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_col-md-offset-0 vc_col-sm-offset-2&Prime;][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1613668997164{border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 24px !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Contributions et exp\u00e9riences des peuples autochtones et des communaut\u00e9s locales relatives \u00e0 l&rsquo;objectif 8<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Les peuples autochtones et les communaut\u00e9s locales apportent des contributions significatives \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction de la pollution environnementale gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des actions sur le terrain et \u00e0 la participation \u00e0 des processus politiques locaux, nationaux et internationaux. En termes de mesures prises sur le terrain, des syst\u00e8mes de surveillance communautaire se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00eatre un moyen efficace et rentable pour contr\u00f4ler la pollution. Par exemple :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>depuis 2016, les \u00e9leveurs de rennes et les p\u00eacheurs autochtones dans la r\u00e9gion arctique du Nord de la Yakoutie, en Russie, surveillent la pollution des rivi\u00e8res, en particulier la pr\u00e9sence de poussi\u00e8re de charbon et d&rsquo;autres contaminants industriels et biologiques. En octobre 2018, des niveaux \u00e9lev\u00e9s de pollution ont \u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9s dans la rivi\u00e8re Viluy. Depuis lors, des communaut\u00e9s autochtones locales ont cr\u00e9\u00e9 leur propre laboratoire d&rsquo;analyses, ce qui les a mieux arm\u00e9s pour dialoguer avec l&rsquo;administration du district de Zhigansky et les entreprises mini\u00e8res concern\u00e9es;<\/li>\n<li>au Guyana, les Wapichan ont mis sur pied un projet de surveillance afin de limiter les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts caus\u00e9s par des mineurs (voir l\u2019encadr\u00e9 15), et cela leur a permis d&rsquo;obtenir l&rsquo;appui du gouvernement pour la protection de leurs terres et de l&rsquo;environnement contre de nouvelles pollutions. Cette approche est \u00e9galement appliqu\u00e9e par d&rsquo;autres peuples autochtones, notamment les Achuar dans l&rsquo;Amazonie p\u00e9ruvienne (concernant la pollution due \u00e0 l&rsquo;extraction du p\u00e9trole)<span id='easy-footnote-7-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-7-2182' title=' Collyns, D. (2017) \u00ab After years of toxic oil spills, Indigenous Peruvians use tech to fight back \u00bb. &lt;em&gt;The Guardian&lt;\/em&gt;. Londres : The Guardian. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2017\/dec\/14\/after-years-of-toxic-oil-spills-indigenous-peruvians-use-tech-to-fight-back&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2017\/dec\/14\/after-years-of-toxic-oil-spills-indigenous-peruvians-use-tech-to-fight-back&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span> et les Akwesasne Mohawks au Canada et aux \u00c9tats-Unis (concernant les cons\u00e9quences sur la sant\u00e9 de la contamination de l&rsquo;environnement).<span id='easy-footnote-8-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-2182' title='Schell, L.M., Ravenscroft, J., Cole, M., Jacobs, A., et Newman, J. (2005) \u00ab Health disparities and toxicant exposure of Akwesasne Mohawk young adults: A partnership approach to research \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Environment Health Perspectives&lt;\/em&gt;113(12), pp. 1826-1832.'><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605630564486{margin-bottom: 72px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_col-md-offset-0 vc_col-sm-offset-2&Prime;][vc_row_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729083665{margin-left: 0px !important;padding-left: 13px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729091046{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb479&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb9&#215;9&Prime; css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605631995454{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 0px !important;margin-left: -32px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb el_class=\u00a0\u00bbzeromargin\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729454064{margin-left: 0px !important;border-left-width: 1px !important;padding-left: 8px !important;border-left-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-left-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729560528{margin-top: -53px !important;margin-left: 0px !important;padding-right: 17px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1613669128627{margin-bottom: 24px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h4>Encadr\u00e9 15<\/h4>\n<h6>Il existe des preuves d&rsquo;exploitations aurif\u00e8res ill\u00e9gales dans cette rivi\u00e8re \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du village de Parabara, o\u00f9 des surveillants testent la qualit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;eau. La for\u00eat environnante a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9frich\u00e9e au cours des cinq derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es et l&rsquo;eau n&rsquo;est plus potable. Photo : Vicki Brown.<\/h6>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb1491&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bbfull\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1613669372051{margin-bottom: -1px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;border-right-width: 1px !important;border-bottom-width: 1px !important;border-left-width: 1px !important;border-left-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-left-style: solid !important;border-right-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-bottom-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-bottom-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_row_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605632129199{margin-right: 0px !important;margin-left: 0px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;border-right-width: 1px !important;border-bottom-width: 1px !important;border-left-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-right: 9px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;padding-left: 9px !important;background-color: rgba(214,122,54,0.1) !important;*background-color: rgb(214,122,54) !important;border-left-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-left-style: solid !important;border-right-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-bottom-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-bottom-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729933783{padding-top: 30px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u00c9tude de cas : programme de surveillance des Wapichan, Guyana<span id='easy-footnote-9-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-9-2182' title='Conseil de district du Sud-Rupununi (2018) \u00ab Wapichan Environmental Monitoring Report \u00bb. Conseil de district du Sud-Rupununi. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;http:\/\/wapichanao.communitylands.org\/1548691773093-wapichan-environmental-monitoring-report-2018-v2.pdf&quot;&gt;http:\/\/wapichanao.communitylands.org\/1548691773093-wapichan-environmental-monitoring-report-2018-v2.pdf&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Le Conseil de district du Sud-Rupununi (SRDC), l&rsquo;institution repr\u00e9sentative d&rsquo;une grande partie du peuple autochtone Wapichan au Guyana, a instaur\u00e9 en 2013 un programme de surveillance ax\u00e9 partiellement sur les activit\u00e9s mini\u00e8res. Les surveillants du SRDC utilisent des dispositifs GPS portatifs, des smartphones et des drones pour recueillir des donn\u00e9es, et rendent compte aux conseils des villages et au SRDC.<\/p>\n<h6><a href=\"https:\/\/localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/case-studies\/wapichan-monitoring-programme-guyana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u2014 Lire l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de cas compl\u00e8te<\/a><\/h6>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605627452898{margin-bottom: 24px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_col-md-offset-0 vc_col-sm-offset-2&Prime;][vc_column_text]Comme les Wapichan, de nombreuses autres communaut\u00e9s s&rsquo;opposent \u00e0 la pollution caus\u00e9e sur leurs terres par l&rsquo;extraction des minerais et des hydrocarbures :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>en Australie, le peuple local Mirrar dans la r\u00e9gion de Kakadu a oblig\u00e9 l&rsquo;entreprise Rio Tinto \u00e0 suspendre ses projets pour la mine d&rsquo;uranium de Jabiluka, principalement \u00e0 cause d&rsquo;inqui\u00e9tudes li\u00e9es \u00e0 des probl\u00e8mes de pollution.<span id='easy-footnote-10-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-10-2182' title='Australian Conservation Foundation (2016) &lt;em&gt;We stood with the Mirarr People to stop the Jabiluka Uranium Mine&lt;\/em&gt;. Fitzroy : Australian Conservation Foundation. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.acf.org.au\/jabiluka&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.acf.org.au\/jabiluka&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Dans la r\u00e9gion voisine de Koongarra, le propri\u00e9taire traditionnel et seul membre du clan autochtone Djok encore en vie a rejet\u00e9 des offres attractives d&rsquo;Areva, un exploitant d&rsquo;uranium, sur ses terres ancestrales, pour les promettre au gouvernement australien, afin qu&rsquo;elles fassent partie du Parc national de Kakadu, class\u00e9 au Patrimoine mondial ;<span id='easy-footnote-11-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-11-2182' title='Disko, S. (2018) &lt;em&gt;Jeffrey Lee saved Koongarra from uranium mining&lt;\/em&gt;. Takoma Park : Beyond Nuclear International. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/beyondnuclearinternational.org\/2018\/06\/10\/jeffrey-lee-saved-koongarra-from-uranium-mining\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/beyondnuclearinternational.org\/2018\/06\/10\/jeffrey-lee-saved-koongarra-from-uranium-mining\/&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>en Colombie, les peuples autochtones de la r\u00e9serve Resguardo Canamomo Lomaprieta ont entam\u00e9 et remport\u00e9 une proc\u00e9dure en justice concernant la d\u00e9limitation et l&rsquo;octroi de titres fonciers pour leurs terres, suite \u00e0 leurs pr\u00e9occupations concernant la pollution caus\u00e9e par l&rsquo;extraction de l&rsquo;or. Tout nouvel octroi de permis minier ou formalisation d&rsquo;activit\u00e9s mini\u00e8res a d\u00fb \u00eatre suspensdu pendant cette p\u00e9riode;<span id='easy-footnote-12-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-12-2182' title='Voir l&amp;rsquo;objectif 15 pour plus de d\u00e9tails concernant les exploitations \u00e0 venir dans la r\u00e9serve Resguardo Canamomo Lomaprieta.&lt;br \/&gt;\n&amp;#8212;&lt;br \/&gt;\nForest Peoples Programme (2017) \u00ab Groundbreaking win for indigenous people in Colombia \u00bb. Moreton-in-Marsh : Forest Peoples Programme. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.forestpeoples.org\/en\/rights-land-natural-resources-extractive-industries\/press-release\/2017\/groundbreaking-win&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.forestpeoples.org\/en\/rights-land-natural-resources-extractive-industries\/press-release\/2017\/groundbreaking-win&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>en \u00c9quateur, le peuple Waorani a remport\u00e9 une victoire historique en justice contre le gouvernement \u00e9quatorien, suspendant toute possibilit\u00e9 de vendre la terre de la communaut\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;exploration p\u00e9troli\u00e8re sans un processus de consultation libre, pr\u00e9alable et \u00e9clair\u00e9 ;<span id='easy-footnote-13-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-13-2182' title='Brown, K. (2019) \u00ab Indigenous Waorani win landmark legal case against Ecuador Gov\u2019t \u00bb&lt;em&gt;.&lt;\/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;Al Jazeera&lt;\/em&gt;. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2019\/04\/indigenous-waorani-win-landmark-legal-case-ecuador-gov-190426221504952.html&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2019\/04\/indigenous-waorani-win-landmark-legal-case-ecuador-gov-190426221504952.html&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>13<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guin\u00e9e, les pr\u00e9occupations au sujet des d\u00e9g\u00e2ts potentiels caus\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;environnement par une proposition de projet d&rsquo;exploitation mini\u00e8re des fonds marins dirig\u00e9 par l&rsquo;entreprise mini\u00e8re canadienne Nautilus Minerals a uni les communaut\u00e9s c\u00f4ti\u00e8res pour former l&rsquo;Alliance des guerriers Solwara. Ensemble, ils ont mobilis\u00e9 l&rsquo;opposition locale, en faisant un travail d&rsquo;information au sujet des effets potentiels, et ont particip\u00e9 \u00e0 des proc\u00e9dures en justice qui, \u00e0 ce jour, ont emp\u00each\u00e9 l&rsquo;entreprise mini\u00e8re de poursuivre ses activit\u00e9s.<span id='easy-footnote-14-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-14-2182' title='Deep Sea Mining Campaign (2019) \u00ab Joint letter calling for the PNG Government to cancel all Nautilus Minerals deep sea mining licences \u00bb Washington D.C. : Deep Sea Mining Campaign. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;http:\/\/www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org\/joint-letter-calling-for-the-papua-new-guinea-government-to-cancel-all-nautilus-minerals-deep-sea-mining-licences-and-to-ban-seabed-mining-in-png\/&quot;&gt;http:\/\/www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org\/joint-letter-calling-for-the-papua-new-guinea-government-to-cancel-all-nautilus-minerals-deep-sea-mining-licences-and-to-ban-seabed-mining-in-png\/&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>14<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Plusieurs affaires relatives \u00e0 des cas de pollution intent\u00e9es par des peuples autochtones et des communaut\u00e9s locales ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9es devant les tribunaux relevant de la juridiction du si\u00e8ge des entreprises responsables de la pollution, ou ont \u00e9t\u00e9 soumises \u00e0 des m\u00e9canismes de plainte internationaux. C&rsquo;est le cas notamment des batailles juridiques men\u00e9es de longue date contre Chevron (anciennement Texaco) \u00e0 cause des effets sur l&rsquo;environnement de ses activit\u00e9s dans la r\u00e9gion Oriente de l&rsquo;\u00c9quateur, qui comprenaient des proc\u00e9dures diverses, entre autres un recours collectif au tribunal f\u00e9d\u00e9ral des \u00c9tats-Unis, un arbitrage international, et m\u00eame des proc\u00e9dures au Canada.<span id='easy-footnote-15-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-15-2182' title='Business &amp;amp; Human Rights Resource Centre (2016) \u00ab Texaco\/Chevron Lawsuits (re Ecuador) \u00bb. Londres : Business &amp;amp; Human Rights Resource Centre. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;http:\/\/business-humanrights.org\/en\/texacochevron-lawsuits-re-ecuador&quot;&gt;http:\/\/business-humanrights.org\/en\/texacochevron-lawsuits-re-ecuador&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Les peuples autochtones et les communaut\u00e9s locales ont \u00e9galement d\u00e9pos\u00e9 des plaintes pour des cas de pollution au titre des Principes directeurs de l&rsquo;OCDE \u00e0 l&rsquo;intention des entreprises multinationales. Par exemple, des communaut\u00e9s au Cameroun ont all\u00e9gu\u00e9 que l&rsquo;entreprise britannique Victoria Oil and Gas polluait leurs cours d&rsquo;eau,<span id='easy-footnote-16-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-16-2182' title='OECD Watch (2018) \u00ab Cameroon Communities vs. Victoria Oil and Gas \u00bb. Amsterdam : OECD Watch. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/complaints.oecdwatch.org\/cases\/Case_498&quot;&gt;https:\/\/complaints.oecdwatch.org\/cases\/Case_498&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>16<\/sup><\/a><\/span> et une proc\u00e9dure a \u00e9t\u00e9 entam\u00e9e contre Credit Suisse en Suisse pour le compte de communaut\u00e9s autochtones pour n&rsquo;avoir pas fait respecter l&rsquo;obligation de diligence en mati\u00e8re de risques et de droits humains en lien avec le projet North Dakota Access Pipeline aux \u00c9tats-Unis.<span id='easy-footnote-17-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-17-2182' title='OECD Watch (2017) \u00ab Society for Threatened Peoples vs. Credit Suisse \u00bb. Amsterdam : OECD Watch. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/complaints.oecdwatch.org\/cases\/Case_475&quot;&gt;https:\/\/complaints.oecdwatch.org\/cases\/Case_475&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>17<\/sup><\/a><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605630600590{margin-bottom: 24px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb1496&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bbfull\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1613669794415{margin-bottom: -1px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;border-right-width: 1px !important;border-bottom-width: 1px !important;border-left-width: 1px !important;border-left-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-left-style: solid !important;border-right-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-bottom-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-bottom-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_row_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603713535343{margin-bottom: 0px !important;margin-left: 0px !important;border-left-width: 1px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;padding-left: 12px !important;border-left-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-left-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603713477954{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb479&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb9&#215;9&Prime; css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605632017576{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 0px !important;margin-left: -32px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb el_class=\u00a0\u00bbzeromargin\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603725966103{margin-top: -50px !important;margin-left: 24px !important;padding-right: 39px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h6>Nettoyage des plages en kayak \u00e0 Antigua-et-Barbuda. Photo : Adopt a Coastline.<\/h6>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605627452898{margin-bottom: 24px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_col-md-offset-0 vc_col-sm-offset-2&Prime;][vc_column_text]Au niveau international, les peuples autochtones et les communaut\u00e9s locales ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la Convention sur la diversit\u00e9 biologique, la Convention de Stockholm sur les polluants organiques persistants, et la Convention de Minamata sur le mercure.<span id='easy-footnote-18-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-18-2182' title='International Indian Treaty Council (2016) \u00ab UN Minamata Convention on Mercury Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee Session 7, Intervention on Agenda Item 12 \u00bb. San Francisco : International Indian Treaty Council. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.iitc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Minamata-INC7-IITC-Intervention_web-.pdf&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.iitc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Minamata-INC7-IITC-Intervention_web-.pdf.&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Par ailleurs, l&rsquo;\u00ab Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance \u00bb dispose d&rsquo;une repr\u00e9sentation des peuples autochtones et des communaut\u00e9s locales au sein de son comit\u00e9 directeur,<span id='easy-footnote-19-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-19-2182' title='Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance (2019) &lt;em&gt;Governance&lt;\/em&gt;. Port Townsend : Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/responsiblemining.net\/about\/governance\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/responsiblemining.net\/about\/governance\/&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>19<\/sup><\/a><\/span> et l&rsquo;\u00ab Aluminium Stewardship Initiative \u00bb dispose d&rsquo;un Forum consultatif des peuples autochtones.<span id='easy-footnote-20-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-20-2182' title='Aluminium Stewardship Initiative (2019) &lt;em&gt;Aluminium Stewardship Initiative: Indigenous Peoples Advisory Forum.&lt;\/em&gt; Aluminium Stewardship Initiative. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/aluminium-stewardship.org\/about-asi\/indigenous-peoples\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/aluminium-stewardship.org\/about-asi\/indigenous-peoples\/&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>20<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Dans d&rsquo;autres cas, les communaut\u00e9s travaillent directement pour nettoyer la pollution, r\u00e9duire leurs propres effets chimiques, et \u00e9laborer des plans locaux ou r\u00e9gionaux pour le contr\u00f4le de la pollution et la gestion des d\u00e9chets, ou y contribuer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00e0 Antigua-et-Barbuda, le projet \u00ab Adopt a Coastline \u00bb est devenu un mouvement national qui comprend des actions des communaut\u00e9s locales pour nettoyer les plages de la pollution (voir l&rsquo;encadr\u00e9 16);<\/li>\n<li>au Panama, le peuple Guna a \u00e9labor\u00e9 des moyens de surveiller et g\u00e9rer les d\u00e9chets pour r\u00e9duire la pollution due aux plastiques et autres formes de d\u00e9chets (voir l&rsquo;encadr\u00e9 17);<\/li>\n<li>de nombreux groupes autochtones ont particip\u00e9 \u00e0 la Strat\u00e9gie environnementale pour l&rsquo;Arctique du Canada en vue de l&rsquo;inclusion d&rsquo;un Programme de lutte contre les contaminants dans le Nord. D&rsquo;autres ont r\u00e9duit la pollution au moyen d&rsquo; \u00ab ententes sur les r\u00e9percussions et les avantages \u00bb avec l&rsquo;industrie extractive, ou ont particip\u00e9 \u00e0 des \u00e9valuations de la pollution;<span id='easy-footnote-21-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-21-2182' title='Selin, H. et Selin, N. E. (2008) \u00ab Indigenous peoples in international environmental cooperation: Arctic management of hazardous substances \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Review of European Community &amp;amp; International Environmental Law&lt;\/em&gt; 17(1), pp. 72-83.&lt;br \/&gt;\n&amp;#8212;&lt;br \/&gt;\nWright, L. et White, J. P. (2012) \u00ab Developing oil and gas resources on or near indigenous lands in Canada: An overview of laws, treaties, regulations and agreements \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;International Indigenous Policy Journal&lt;\/em&gt; 3(2).&lt;br \/&gt;\n&amp;#8212;&lt;br \/&gt;\nBurger, J., Gochfeld, M. et Pletnikoff, K. (2009) \u00ab Collaboration versus communication: The Department of Energy\u2019s Amchitka Island and the Aleut Community \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Environmental Research&lt;\/em&gt; 109(4).'><sup>21<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, de nombreuses communaut\u00e9s autochtones conservent des pratiques agricoles traditionnelles, qui font peu recours aux produits agro-chimiques et comptent sur un contr\u00f4le naturel des organismes nuisibles.<span id='easy-footnote-22-2182' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/#easy-footnote-bottom-22-2182' title='Wezel, A., Casagrande, M., Celette, F., Vian, J. F., Ferrer, A. et Peign\u00e8 J. (2014) \u00ab Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture. A review \u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Agronomy for Sustainable Development&lt;\/em&gt;34, pp. 1-20.&lt;br \/&gt;\n&amp;#8212;&lt;br \/&gt;\nMalmer, P., Teng\u00f6, M., et al. (2019) \u00ab Dialogue across Indigenous, local and scientific knowledge systems reflecting on the IPBES Assessment on Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production \u00bb. Stockholm : SwedBio. Disponible sur : &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/swed.bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IPBES-7-Pollinators-poster_2019-04-24_144752.pdf&quot;&gt;https:\/\/swed.bio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/IPBES-7-Pollinators-poster_2019-04-24_144752.pdf&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>22<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605630564486{margin-bottom: 72px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_col-md-offset-0 vc_col-sm-offset-2&Prime;][vc_row_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729083665{margin-left: 0px !important;padding-left: 13px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729091046{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb479&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb9&#215;9&Prime; css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605631995454{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 0px !important;margin-left: -32px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb el_class=\u00a0\u00bbzeromargin\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729454064{margin-left: 0px !important;border-left-width: 1px !important;padding-left: 8px !important;border-left-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-left-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729560528{margin-top: -53px !important;margin-left: 0px !important;padding-right: 17px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1613670218438{margin-bottom: 24px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h4>Encadr\u00e9 16 : Jennifer Moranto, Adopt a Coastline<\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605632129199{margin-right: 0px !important;margin-left: 0px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;border-right-width: 1px !important;border-bottom-width: 1px !important;border-left-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-right: 9px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;padding-left: 9px !important;background-color: rgba(214,122,54,0.1) !important;*background-color: rgb(214,122,54) !important;border-left-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-left-style: solid !important;border-right-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-bottom-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-bottom-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729933783{padding-top: 30px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u00c9tude de cas : les communaut\u00e9s luttent contre la pollution des plages \u00e0 Antigua-et-Barbuda<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>L&rsquo;initiative \u00ab Adopt a Coastline \u00bb change les attitudes et le comportement des enfants de la r\u00e9gion gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la promotion et au parrainage de jeunes gardiens pour la conservation et la protection des ressources marines et c\u00f4ti\u00e8res \u00e0 Antigua-et-Barbuda.<\/p>\n<h6><a href=\"https:\/\/localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/case-studies\/communities-tackle-beach-pollution-in-antigua-and-barbuda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u2014 Lire l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de cas compl\u00e8te<\/a><\/h6>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605630564486{margin-bottom: 72px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_col-md-offset-0 vc_col-sm-offset-2&Prime;][vc_row_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729083665{margin-left: 0px !important;padding-left: 13px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729091046{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb479&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb9&#215;9&Prime; css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605631995454{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 0px !important;margin-left: -32px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb el_class=\u00a0\u00bbzeromargin\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729454064{margin-left: 0px !important;border-left-width: 1px !important;padding-left: 8px !important;border-left-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-left-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729560528{margin-top: -53px !important;margin-left: 0px !important;padding-right: 17px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1613670338459{margin-bottom: 24px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h4>Encadr\u00e9 17 : Jorge Andreve et Onel Masardule, Fondation pour la promotion des savoirs autochtones, peuples autochtones Guna<\/h4>\n<h6>Un homme guna yala explique comment les d\u00e9chets affectent de mani\u00e8re n\u00e9gative la qualit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;eau. Photo : Eddie Gerald.<\/h6>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb1500&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bbfull\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1613670160484{margin-bottom: -1px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;border-right-width: 1px !important;border-bottom-width: 1px !important;border-left-width: 1px !important;border-left-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-left-style: solid !important;border-right-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-bottom-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-bottom-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_row_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605632129199{margin-right: 0px !important;margin-left: 0px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;border-right-width: 1px !important;border-bottom-width: 1px !important;border-left-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-right: 9px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;padding-left: 9px !important;background-color: rgba(214,122,54,0.1) !important;*background-color: rgb(214,122,54) !important;border-left-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-left-style: solid !important;border-right-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-bottom-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-bottom-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1603729933783{padding-top: 30px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u00c9tude de cas : r\u00e9duire et r\u00e9utiliser les d\u00e9chets dans la r\u00e9gion de Guna Yala, au Panama<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Ces derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, les d\u00e9chets, en particulier les d\u00e9chets plastiques, s&rsquo;accumulent dans tous les recoins de la r\u00e9gion de Guna Yala, au Panama. La pollution due aux d\u00e9chets est reconnue comme l&rsquo;une des principales menaces pour la diversit\u00e9 biologique des Cara\u00efbes.<\/p>\n<p>Le peuple Guna accepte ses responsabilit\u00e9s concernant la production de d\u00e9chets, et s&rsquo;est donn\u00e9 pour mission de trouver des mesures simples, rapides et \u00e0 bas co\u00fbt pour y faire face.<\/p>\n<h6><a href=\"https:\/\/localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/case-studies\/reducing-and-reusing-waste-in-the-guna-yala-region-panama\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u2014 Lire l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de cas compl\u00e8te<\/a><\/h6>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605627730780{margin-bottom: 24px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_col-md-offset-0 vc_col-sm-offset-2&Prime;][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1613670580462{border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 24px !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Occasions et actions recommand\u00e9es<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les peuples autochtones et les communaut\u00e9s locales devraient mobiliser des actions collectives afin de lutter contre la pollution, notamment au moyen de syst\u00e8mes de surveillance communautaires bas\u00e9s sur des indicateurs li\u00e9s \u00e0 la culture, \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 et aux \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, en lien avec les syst\u00e8mes nationaux et mondiaux de surveillance et de comptes rendus concern\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li>Les gouvernements et les institutions concern\u00e9es devraient \u00e9tablir des m\u00e9canismes qui permettent aux peuples autochtones et aux communaut\u00e9s locales de participer pleinement et effectivement aux processus politiques et d\u00e9cisionnels, en d\u00e9fendant leurs connaissances et leurs exp\u00e9riences. Cela comprend les ODD 6 et 12, la Convention de Minamata sur le mercure, la Convention de Stockholm sur les polluants organiques persistants, et l&rsquo;Approche strat\u00e9gique de la gestion internationale des produits chimiques du Programme des Nations Unies pour l&rsquo;environnement.<\/li>\n<li>Les gouvernements devraient consolider les institutions locales et nationales afin de s&rsquo;assurer que les industries polluantes soient tenues pour responsables et d&rsquo;acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le d\u00e9veloppement de sources d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie propres et de technologies propres qui pr\u00e9viendront la pollution \u00e0 la source.<\/li>\n<li>Tous les acteurs devraient promouvoir des valeurs culturelles et un comportement pr\u00f4nant des niveaux de d\u00e9chets et de pollution minimaux.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605627730780{margin-bottom: 24px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_col-md-offset-0 vc_col-sm-offset-2&Prime;][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1613670602318{border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 24px !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Ressources essentielles<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fern\u00e1ndez-Llamazares, \u00c1., Garteizgogeascoa, M., Basu, N., Brondizio, E.S., Cabeza, M., Mart\u00ednez-Alier, J., McElwee, P. et Reyes-Garc\u00eda, V. (2020) \u00ab A state-of-the-art review of indigenous peoples and environmental pollution \u00bb, <em>Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management<\/em>. Disponible sur : <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ieam.4239\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ieam.4239<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Gracey, M. et King, M. (2009) \u00ab Indigenous health Part 1: Determinants and disease patterns \u00bb, <em>The Lancet<\/em>374(9683), pp. 65-75.<\/li>\n<li>Jim\u00e9nez, A., Cortobius, M. et Kjell\u00e9n, M. (2014) \u00ab Water, sanitation and hygiene and indigenous peoples: A review of the literature \u00bb, <em>Water International<\/em>39(3), pp.277\u2013293.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime; offset=\u00a0\u00bbvc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row full_width=\u00a0\u00bbstretch_row\u00a0\u00bb full_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb css_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb bg_type=\u00a0\u00bbbg_color\u00a0\u00bb bg_color_value=\u00a0\u00bbrgba(214,122,54,0.1)\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605632155686{margin-bottom: 37px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb711&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bbfull\u00a0\u00bb el_class=\u00a0\u00bbtargetimage\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime;][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605696955854{margin-top: 3px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 12px !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb] Objectif 8 : r\u00e9duction de la pollution [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime;][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1613668682941{margin-top: 3px !important;border-top-width: 1px !important;padding-top: 18px !important;border-top-color: #2b2e34 !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb] D\u2019ici \u00e0 2020, la pollution,&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[23],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Objectif 8 : r\u00e9duction de la pollution &bull; Perspectives locales de la diversit\u00e9 biologique 2<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lbo2.localbiodiversityoutlooks.net\/fr\/objectif-8-reduction-de-la-pollution\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Objectif 8 : r\u00e9duction de la pollution &bull; Perspectives locales de la diversit\u00e9 biologique 2\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_row full_width=\u00a0\u00bbstretch_row\u00a0\u00bb full_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb css_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb bg_type=\u00a0\u00bbbg_color\u00a0\u00bb bg_color_value=\u00a0\u00bbrgba(214,122,54,0.1)\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1605632155686{margin-bottom: 37px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb711&Prime; 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