Food transition: Revitalising indigenous and local food systems Vision Vibrant ecosystems and cultures ensure genetic diversity and diverse diets, improving health, resilience and livelihoods. Revitalised indigenous and local food systems contribute to local food security, food sovereignty and agroecology, and underpin a just agricultural transition. Rationale Investment in the revitalisation of indigenous and local food…

ReferencesSee: Macqueen, D. (Editor) (2014) Prioritising support for locally controlled forest enterprises. London and Rome: IIED, Forest Connect and Forest and Farm Facility. Available at: https://pubs.iied.org/13572IIED/.See: Anderson, C., Bruil, J., Chappell, M. J., Kiss, C. and Pimbert, M. P. (2019) ‘From Transition to Domains of Transformation: Getting to Sustainable and Just Food Systems through Agroecology’,…

ReferencesOECD (2019) Biodiversity: Finance and the Economic Business Case for Action. Report prepared for the G7 Environment Ministers’ Meeting, 5-6 May 2019. Paris: OECD. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/biodiversity/G7-report-Biodiversity-Finance-and-the-Economic-and-Business-Case-for-Action.pdf — Dempsey, J., Martin, T. G. and Sumaila, U. R. (2020) ‘Subsidizing extinction?’, Conservation Letters 13(1), pp. 11-13.Dempsey, J., and Suarez, D.C. (2016). ‘Arrested Development? The Promises and…

Land transitions towards securing customary land tenure systems of IPLCs Vision The territories of life of IPLCs, including their distinct cultural, spiritual and customary relationships with their lands and waters and their intrinsic and vital contributions to human wellbeing, biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation and adaptation, are secured. The collective lands, territories and resources…

ReferencesFirst Peoples Worldwide (2002) The Kimberley Declaration. International Indigenous Peoples Summit on Sustainable Development, Khoi-San Territory, Kimberley, South Africa, 20-23 August 2002. Available at: https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/162/27586.htmlIPBES (2019) Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. E. S. Brondizio, J. Settele, S. Díaz, and H. T. Ngo …

Part IV A Fulani family watering seedlings in Mali. Credit: Giacomo Pirozzi. Transitions towards living in harmony with nature IPLCs and biodiversity under threat IPLCs today are acutely experiencing the loss of both biological and cultural diversity. These losses stem from unsustainable global systems of values, knowledge, governance, production, consumption, technology, economics, incentives and trade,…

Target 20: Resource mobilization By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all sources, and in accordance with the consolidated and agreed process in the Strategy for Resource Mobilization, should increase substantially from the current levels. This target will be subject to changes…

Target 18: Traditional knowledge and customary sustainable use By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and their customary use of biological resources, are respected, subject to national legislation and relevant international obligations, and fully integrated and reflected in the implementation…

ReferencesIPBES (2019) Summary for policymakers of the global assessment on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. S. Díaz, J. Settele, E. S. Brondízio E.S., H. T. Ngo, M. Guèze, J. Agard, A. Arneth, P. Balvanera, K. A. Brauman, S. H. M. Butchart, K. M. A. Chan, L.…

Target 16: Nagoya Protocol in force and operational By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational, consistent with national legislation. Key messages National implementation of the Nagoya Protocol remains challenging, including the fostering of full and…

ReferencesTobin, B.M. (2013) ‘Bridging the Nagoya compliance gap: The fundamental role of customary law in protection of indigenous peoples’ resource and knowledge rights’. Law, Environment and Development Journal 9(2).Ruiz, M. and Vernooy, R. The custodians of biodiversity: Sharing Access to and benefits of genetic resources. London: Routledge.Convention on Biological Diversity (2018) Assessment and Review of…

Target 14: Ecosystem services By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including services related to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable. Key messages For IPLCs, ecosystems and habitats that provide ‘essential services’ are…

ReferencesGlobal Land Tool Network. Available at: https://gltn.net/Right and Resources Initiative (2015) Who owns the world’s land? A global baseline of formally recognized indigenous and community land rights. Washington D.C.: Rights and Resources Initiative. Available at: https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/GlobalBaseline_web.pdfIPBES (2019) Summary for policymakers of the global assessment on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on…

Target 12: Reducing the risk of extinction By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained. Key messages Many IPLCs view plants and animals relationally through kinship—having spirit, due care obligations, and moral standing equal to humans. Relational…

ReferencesBurgess, C.P. et al. (2005) ‘Healthy Country: Healthy People? Exploring the health benefits of Indigenous natural resource management’. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 29(2), pp. 117-22. — Haggerty, J.H. et al. (2018) ‘Restoration and the affective ecologies of healing: Buffalo and the Fort Peck tribes’, Conservation & Society 16(1), pp. 21-29. –…

Target 10: Ecosystems vulnerable to climate change By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning. Key messages IPLCs contribute minimally to anthropogenic pressures but many of them live in climate-vulnerable ecosystems and are…

ReferencesIUCN Red List of Ecosystems. Available at: https://iucnrle.org/ — Convention on Biological Diversity (n.d.) ‘Identifying vulnerable ecosystems and biodiversity’. Available at: https://adaptation.cbd.int/vulnerabilities.shtml May, R.H., Jr. (2018). Pachasophy: ‘Landscape ethics in the central Andes mountains of South America’. Environmental Ethics 39(3): pp. 301-319. Convention on Biological Diversity (2019) Informing the scientific and technical evidence base for…

Target 8: Pollution reduced By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity. Key messages Because of their high dependence on nature, IPLCs are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of pollution and continue to suffer disproportionately from its effects. IPLCs have knowledge systems…

ReferencesFernández-Llamazares, Á., Garteizgogeascoa, M., Basu, N., Brondizio, E.S., Cabeza, M., Martínez-Alier, J., McElwee, P. and Reyes-García, V. (2020) ‘A state-of-the-art review of indigenous peoples and environmental pollution’, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4239. — Global Alliance on Health and Pollution (2017) The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health. London: The Lancet. Available at:…

Target 6: Sustainable management of aquatic living resources By 2020 all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem based approaches, so that overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and…

ReferencesFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019) Tracking progress on food and agriculture-related SDG indicators. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. Available at: http://www.fao.org/sdg-progress-report/en — ETC Group (2017) Who will feed us? The Industrial Food Chain vs. The Peasant Food Web, 3rd Edition. ETC Group. Available at: http://www.etcgroup.org/sites/www.etcgroup.org/files/files/etc-whowillfeedus-english-webshare.pdfConvention on Biological Diversity (2020) Global Biodiversity…

Target 4: Sustainable production and consumption By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits. Key messages Unsustainable global production and consumption systems…

ReferencesIPBES (2019) Summary for policymakers of the global assessment on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. S. Díaz, J. Settele, E. S. Brondízio E.S., H. T. Ngo, M. Guèze, J. Agard, A. Arneth, P. Balvanera, K. A. Brauman, S. H. M. Butchart, K. M. A. Chan, L.…

Target 2: Biodiversity values integrated By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and are being incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems. Key messages Cultural and biological diversity are interdependent, and improved integration of diverse cultures and viewpoints…

ReferencesInternational Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity (2020) ‘Opening Statement to the 2nd Meeting of the Open Ended Working Group on the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework’. IIFB.TEBTEBBA (2012) ‘Indigenous peoples’ statement’. Dialogue with Executive Coordinators, 26 March 2012, during the first round of informal negotiations of the zero draft of the outcome document. Tebtebba. Available at:  http://www.tebtebba.org/index.php/content/209-indigenous-peoples-contributions-to-sustainable-developmentCariño,…

Executive summary Local Biodiversity Outlooks presents the perspectives and experiences of indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) on the current social-ecological crisis and their contributions to the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The first edition (LBO-1) was produced in 2016 as a complement to the fourth edition of the Global…

Key messages 1 Aichi Biodiversity Target 18 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020, which relates to traditional knowledge and customary sustainable use, has not been met. Ongoing disregard of the vital contributions of indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) to biodiversity conservation and sustainable use—including in national biodiversity strategies and action plans—constitutes a major…

Use of terms and abbreviations Use of terms This report uses the term indigenous peoples and local communities, or IPLCs, except in cases or contexts referring specifically to either indigenous peoples or local communities.  The term indigenous and local knowledge(s) is used except in cases or contexts where traditional knowledge is more appropriate (e.g. as…

Forewords Convention on Biological Diversity The second edition of the Local Biodiversity Outlooks (LBO-2) complements the fifth edition of the Global Biodiversity Outlook (GBO-5) with stories from diverse indigenous and local communities all contributing to the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. LBO-2 is published at a critical time when the assessment of the…

About Kichwa villagers transporting wood downstream in Ecuador. Credit: Tomas Munita. Local Biodiversity Outlooks 2 Published in 2020 by Forest Peoples Programme © Forest Peoples Programme  Local Biodiversity Outlooks 2: The contributions of indigenous peoples and local communities to the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and to renewing nature and cultures. A…